GOVERNMENT SPENDING
A Trap in Obama’s Spending Plan
NYT, 20-Dec-08
By LOUIS UCHITELLE
Public spending, American style, has worked best in good times, when people have jobs and executives are eager to invest. A new public highway is soon lined. A dollar spent by government generates three or four from the private sector... For all the money spent by the Roosevelt administration, public investment was failing to jump-start a key private-sector industry... Like Roosevelt’s dams, Mr. Obama’s expenditures will no doubt generate jobs and wages in the construction phase. But in 1937, Roosevelt, thinking that the private sector could sustain itself, pulled back on public spending. Some historians say this was a big reason the economy sank again.
As the recession deepens, President-elect Barack Obama is gearing up to spend hundreds of billions of dollars on public investment projects, counting on them to lift the economy, as they have in the past ...
CREDIT
Debt Recovery Prospects Darken
WSJ, 22-Dec-08
Professor Ed Altman of New York University's Stern School of Business expects 11% to 11.5% of U.S. high-yield bonds outstanding at the end of the third quarter to default within a year. His proprietary model suggests average recovery, given that default rate, of about 27 cents on the dollar... Loose covenants and the use of payment-in-kind (PIK) "toggles" exacerbate the problem.... There are two bigger problems for creditors to contend with. One is the higher use recently of senior loans, fueled by demand for collateralized loan obligations. The second problem is scarce debtor-in-possession (DIP) and exit financing: the credit extended to bankrupt firms to help them restructure and emerge from Chapter 11.
Bankrupt debtors used to be thrown in jail. Do that now, and America's prison system would collapse. Rather than seek incarceration, today's creditors are focusing on extracting better recovery rates: the amount they get back on defaulted debt. Unfortunately, excessive leniency during the boom years means not only having to deal with more defaults, but also getting very little back when that happen ...
CREDIT, REAL ESTATE
Developers Ask U.S. for Bailout as Massive Debt Looms
WSJ, 22-Dec-08
530 billion of commercial mortgages will be coming due for refinancing in the next three years -- with about $160 billion maturing in the next year... Unlike home loans, which borrowers repay after a set period of time, commercial mortgages usually are underwritten for five, seven or 10 years with big payments due at the end. At that point, they typically need to be refinanced. A borrower's inability to refinance could force it to give up the property to the lender.... At the heart of the financing scarcity is the virtual shutdown of the market for CMBS, where Wall Street firms sliced and diced commercial mortgages into bonds.... While commercial real-estate developers restrained themselves during the boom years when it came to speculative development, property investors bid up the prices of office buildings, malls and other projects to record levels assuming rents and occupancies would keep rising. With cash flows now falling, a growing number of developers are having a tough time repaying their debt... Delinquencies on commercial mortgages jumped to 0.96% in November, up from 0.62% in September. Some analysts predict the delinquency rate will leap to 2% by the end of next year. During the real-estate collapse of the early 1990s, the worst-performing commercial mortgages -- those that were made in 1986 -- sustained losses of about 10%.
With a record amount of commercial real-estate debt coming due, some of the country's biggest property developers have become the latest to go hat-in-hand to the government for assistance ...
PHARMA
Pharmacies Fight Tough Battle on Generic Prices
WSJ, 22-Dec-08
Retail pharmacy generic discount programs have proliferated since Wal-Mart Stores Inc. introduced $4 generic prescriptions for one-month supplies of hundreds of unbranded drugs in 2006, and mass merchandisers and grocery stores responded with their own versions... Walgreen this summer started strongly marketing its Prescription Savings Club, which provides discounts on generics and 5,000 branded medications and rebates on store-brand products... CVS this fall introduced a discount program aimed at the uninsured, offering a 90-day supply of more than 400 generic drugs for $9.99 and a 10% discount at the company's store-based clinics... Rite Aid in late September rolled out nationally a prescription savings card offering hundreds of generic drugs at $8.99 for a 30-day supply or at $15.99 for a 90-day supply, plus discounts on branded drugs and Rite Aid products.
Retail pharmacies are waging what some consider a generic-drug price war that is threatening margins in a typically high-profit area and reflects the intense competition that drug-store chains face in attracting and keeping customers ...
CURRENCY
Why didn't the dollar collapse
Paul Krugman
Monday, December 22, 2008
Friday, December 19, 2008
Today's Reading List
COMMODITIES
Platinum Falls to Gold's Level
WSJ, 19-Dec-08
On Wednesday, platinum prices settled below gold prices for the first time since the 1990s (Jan. 21, 1994), as prices have been pummeled on weak demand from the auto industry, which accounts for more than half of platinum consumption. That day, platinum settled at $865.20 and gold at $867.50.... Still, gold's edge over platinum probably isn't sustainable. Above-ground stocks of platinum are much smaller than those of gold.
Platinum prices are trading roughly on par with gold, a far cry from the white metal's $1,200 price lead earlier in the year and highlighting the woes of the auto industry, a big platinum consumer ...
OIL
Oil Drops Under $40 on Demand Fears
WSJ, 19-Dec-08
The big price drop over the past two days was exacerbated by the lack of available space at Cushing, Okla., the oil-storage hub where the physical barrels that underpin the Nymex futures contract are delivered. Inventories topped 27.5 million barrels at Cushing last week, just 500,000 barrels below the all-time high in April 2007, when a Texas refinery fire led to a stockpiling of crude... Investors with expiring contracts to buy crude need to sell out this week, or pay a hefty fee to avoid taking delivery. Physical delivery of crude contracted in the futures market is rare, but with tank space at Cushing difficult to come by, physical delivery is especially undesirable due to rising storage costs. The record gap between the first and second-month contracts -- $5.81 at Thursday's settlement -- reflects the scarcity of buyers willing to take crude for January delivery so close to expiration.
Oil's plunge below $40 a barrel is partly an anomaly due to the expiring January crude-futures contract. It also may be a sign of things to come ...
HOUSING
Tax Break May Have Helped Cause Housing Bubble
NYT, 19-Dec-08
But many economists say that the law had a noticeable impact, allowing home sales to become tax-free windfalls. A recent study of the provision by an economist at the Federal Reserve suggests that the number of homes sold was almost 17 percent higher over the last decade than it would have been without the law... The provision — part of a sprawling bill called the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 — exempted most home sales from capital-gains taxes. The first $500,000 in gains from any home sale was exempt from taxes for a married couple, as long as they had lived in the home for at least two of the previous five years. (For singles, the first $250,000 was exempt.).
Ryan J. Wampler had never made much money selling his own homes. Starting in 1999, however, he began to do very well. Three times in eight years, Mr. Wampler — himself a home builder and developer — sold his home in the Phoenix area, always for a nice profit. With prices in Phoenix soaring, he made almost $700,000 on the three sales ...
Platinum Falls to Gold's Level
WSJ, 19-Dec-08
On Wednesday, platinum prices settled below gold prices for the first time since the 1990s (Jan. 21, 1994), as prices have been pummeled on weak demand from the auto industry, which accounts for more than half of platinum consumption. That day, platinum settled at $865.20 and gold at $867.50.... Still, gold's edge over platinum probably isn't sustainable. Above-ground stocks of platinum are much smaller than those of gold.
Platinum prices are trading roughly on par with gold, a far cry from the white metal's $1,200 price lead earlier in the year and highlighting the woes of the auto industry, a big platinum consumer ...
OIL
Oil Drops Under $40 on Demand Fears
WSJ, 19-Dec-08
The big price drop over the past two days was exacerbated by the lack of available space at Cushing, Okla., the oil-storage hub where the physical barrels that underpin the Nymex futures contract are delivered. Inventories topped 27.5 million barrels at Cushing last week, just 500,000 barrels below the all-time high in April 2007, when a Texas refinery fire led to a stockpiling of crude... Investors with expiring contracts to buy crude need to sell out this week, or pay a hefty fee to avoid taking delivery. Physical delivery of crude contracted in the futures market is rare, but with tank space at Cushing difficult to come by, physical delivery is especially undesirable due to rising storage costs. The record gap between the first and second-month contracts -- $5.81 at Thursday's settlement -- reflects the scarcity of buyers willing to take crude for January delivery so close to expiration.
Oil's plunge below $40 a barrel is partly an anomaly due to the expiring January crude-futures contract. It also may be a sign of things to come ...
HOUSING
Tax Break May Have Helped Cause Housing Bubble
NYT, 19-Dec-08
But many economists say that the law had a noticeable impact, allowing home sales to become tax-free windfalls. A recent study of the provision by an economist at the Federal Reserve suggests that the number of homes sold was almost 17 percent higher over the last decade than it would have been without the law... The provision — part of a sprawling bill called the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 — exempted most home sales from capital-gains taxes. The first $500,000 in gains from any home sale was exempt from taxes for a married couple, as long as they had lived in the home for at least two of the previous five years. (For singles, the first $250,000 was exempt.).
Ryan J. Wampler had never made much money selling his own homes. Starting in 1999, however, he began to do very well. Three times in eight years, Mr. Wampler — himself a home builder and developer — sold his home in the Phoenix area, always for a nice profit. With prices in Phoenix soaring, he made almost $700,000 on the three sales ...
Thursday, December 11, 2008
Today's Readings List
COMMODITIES
Riding the rollercoaster
Economist, 11-Dec-08
For the six leading firms reviewed by The Economist, cash spent on deals in those two years (2006-07) accounts for four-fifths of their total net debt of $136 billion.... From their peak, analysts’ forecasts of operating profits next year have dropped by 30-50% for all six firms, leaving less cashflow than expected to support debt. Share prices have plunged too, so that net debt is comparable to, or well above, the firms’ market capitalisations....That (capex reduction), along with adequate liquidity for at least five of the six, makes survival likely. It also raises an intriguing question. The deals of recent years mean these industries are more concentrated and indebted than ever before. That in turn has forced huge, rapid cuts in actual and planned capacity, which could stabilise prices faster than in past downturns. It is a glimmer of hope during these bleakest of times.
IF A rollercoaster keeps cranking upwards for long enough it can be tempting to relax your grip—just for a moment. The bosses of some of the world’s biggest basic-materials firms did exactly this and are now suffering. Lulled by expectations that industrialisation in China and other developing countries would ensure sustained demand, leading firms in the steel, cement and mining industries have entered the recession with far more debt than is normally viewed as prudent ...
MEDIA
Broadcasting gloom
Economist, 11-Dec-08
Most forecasts for next year say that ad spending in America will decline by 5% or more....carmakers and dealers normally spend around $20 billion a year on advertising... Analysts at BMO Capital Markets predict that total spending on television ads will fall by almost 9% next year. Only newspapers, where a decline of 12% is expected, are forecast to fare worse...ZenithOptimedia, an arm of Publicis Groupe, another big agency, predicted this week that 89% of all growth in advertising spending between 2008 and 2011 will take place in developing countries.
THE Super Bowl is one of the biggest events on the advertising calendar, as companies vie to produce the most memorable and innovative ads. The battle for the National Football League’s ultimate prize attracts more viewers than anything else on American television and provides a “symbolic pulse-taking” for the advertising industry every February, says John Frelinghuysen, an analyst at Bain and Company, a consultancy. But this year the patient is in poor health. All the advertising slots for the 2008 Super Bowl had been sold by the end of November 2007, despite the $2.6m price of each. For 2009 the price has risen to $3m, but at least ten slots (out of 67) are still looking for a buyer ...
RETAILING
Rising Retailer Threat: Liquidations
WSJ, 12-Dec-08
4,632 announced store closings thus far; apparel (26.4%), others (23.4%), jewelry (18.1%), home entertainment (17.6%) and food & beverage (14.5%).
Retailers grappling with the grimmest holiday shopping season in decades face another threat: a boom in liquidation sales by competitors ...
TAXES
Swiss Gain as Tax Plan Dims Bermuda's Allure
WSJ, 12-Dec-08
The move to Switzerland will help the companies preserve the tax benefits they had in Bermuda and the Cayman Islands, while using Switzerland's tax treaty with the U.S. to shield them from possible adverse legislation from the incoming administration and next Congress. Bermuda imposes no corporate income tax. Switzerland has a corporate income tax, but doesn't levy it on profit earned by subsidiaries overseas.... The shifts to Switzerland carry some risk. Standard & Poor's announced Thursday it would remove Transocean from the S&P 500 stock index, as happened to ACE when it moved earlier this year.
Several big U.S. companies are reincorporating from Bermuda to Switzerland, helping them avoid expected legislation aimed at corporations located in tax havens ...
Riding the rollercoaster
Economist, 11-Dec-08
For the six leading firms reviewed by The Economist, cash spent on deals in those two years (2006-07) accounts for four-fifths of their total net debt of $136 billion.... From their peak, analysts’ forecasts of operating profits next year have dropped by 30-50% for all six firms, leaving less cashflow than expected to support debt. Share prices have plunged too, so that net debt is comparable to, or well above, the firms’ market capitalisations....That (capex reduction), along with adequate liquidity for at least five of the six, makes survival likely. It also raises an intriguing question. The deals of recent years mean these industries are more concentrated and indebted than ever before. That in turn has forced huge, rapid cuts in actual and planned capacity, which could stabilise prices faster than in past downturns. It is a glimmer of hope during these bleakest of times.
IF A rollercoaster keeps cranking upwards for long enough it can be tempting to relax your grip—just for a moment. The bosses of some of the world’s biggest basic-materials firms did exactly this and are now suffering. Lulled by expectations that industrialisation in China and other developing countries would ensure sustained demand, leading firms in the steel, cement and mining industries have entered the recession with far more debt than is normally viewed as prudent ...
MEDIA
Broadcasting gloom
Economist, 11-Dec-08
Most forecasts for next year say that ad spending in America will decline by 5% or more....carmakers and dealers normally spend around $20 billion a year on advertising... Analysts at BMO Capital Markets predict that total spending on television ads will fall by almost 9% next year. Only newspapers, where a decline of 12% is expected, are forecast to fare worse...ZenithOptimedia, an arm of Publicis Groupe, another big agency, predicted this week that 89% of all growth in advertising spending between 2008 and 2011 will take place in developing countries.
THE Super Bowl is one of the biggest events on the advertising calendar, as companies vie to produce the most memorable and innovative ads. The battle for the National Football League’s ultimate prize attracts more viewers than anything else on American television and provides a “symbolic pulse-taking” for the advertising industry every February, says John Frelinghuysen, an analyst at Bain and Company, a consultancy. But this year the patient is in poor health. All the advertising slots for the 2008 Super Bowl had been sold by the end of November 2007, despite the $2.6m price of each. For 2009 the price has risen to $3m, but at least ten slots (out of 67) are still looking for a buyer ...
RETAILING
Rising Retailer Threat: Liquidations
WSJ, 12-Dec-08
4,632 announced store closings thus far; apparel (26.4%), others (23.4%), jewelry (18.1%), home entertainment (17.6%) and food & beverage (14.5%).
Retailers grappling with the grimmest holiday shopping season in decades face another threat: a boom in liquidation sales by competitors ...
TAXES
Swiss Gain as Tax Plan Dims Bermuda's Allure
WSJ, 12-Dec-08
The move to Switzerland will help the companies preserve the tax benefits they had in Bermuda and the Cayman Islands, while using Switzerland's tax treaty with the U.S. to shield them from possible adverse legislation from the incoming administration and next Congress. Bermuda imposes no corporate income tax. Switzerland has a corporate income tax, but doesn't levy it on profit earned by subsidiaries overseas.... The shifts to Switzerland carry some risk. Standard & Poor's announced Thursday it would remove Transocean from the S&P 500 stock index, as happened to ACE when it moved earlier this year.
Several big U.S. companies are reincorporating from Bermuda to Switzerland, helping them avoid expected legislation aimed at corporations located in tax havens ...
Tuesday, October 07, 2008
More on TARP
Apart from the Troubled Assets Relief Program, the bill before the Senate includes:
Extensions of the AMT patch, tax deductions on state and local sales taxes, tuition, teacher expenses and real property taxes and tax credits for business research and new market investors
Energy tax credits and incentives to encourage wind and refined coal production, new biomass facilities, wave and tide electricity generators, solar energy property improvements, CO2 capturing, plug-in electric drive vehicles, idling reduction units on truck engines, cellulosic biofuels ethanol production, energy efficient houses, offices, dishwashers, clothes washers and refrigerators, and fringe benefits for employees commuting by bicycle.
A requirement for private insurance plans to offer mental health benefits on par with medical-surgical benefits
Tax relief provisions for victims of this summer's Midwestern floods, and Hurricane Ike
Freezing of deductions for sale and exchange of oil and natural gas, mandatory basis reporting by brokers for transactions involving publicly traded securities and an extension of the oil spill tax
But it also extends the following tax provisions:
* Economic development credit to American Samoan businesses
* $10,000 tax credit for training of mine rescue team members
* 50% immediate expensing for extra underground mine safety equipment
* Tax credit for businesses with employees from an Indian reservation
* Accelerated depreciation for property used mostly on an Indian reservation
* 50% tax credit for some expenditures on maintaining railroad tracks
* 7-year recovery period for motorsports racetrack property
* Expensing of cleaning up "brownfield" contaminated sites
* Enhanced deductions for businesses donating computers and books to schools, and for food donations
* Deduction for income from domestic production in Puerto Rico
* Tax credit for employees in Hurricane Katrina disaster area
* Tax incentives for investments in poor neighborhoods in D.C.
* Increased rehabilitation credit for buildings in Gulf area
* Reduction of import duties on some imported wool fabrics, transfers other duties to Wool Trust Fund to promote competitiveness of American wool
* Special expensing rules for film and TV productions
And there's more:
* Increasing cover of rum excise tax revenues to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands
* Making it easier for film and TV companies to use deduction for domestic production
* Exempting children's wooden arrows from excise tax
* Income averaging for Exxon Valdez litigants for tax purposes
Extensions of the AMT patch, tax deductions on state and local sales taxes, tuition, teacher expenses and real property taxes and tax credits for business research and new market investors
Energy tax credits and incentives to encourage wind and refined coal production, new biomass facilities, wave and tide electricity generators, solar energy property improvements, CO2 capturing, plug-in electric drive vehicles, idling reduction units on truck engines, cellulosic biofuels ethanol production, energy efficient houses, offices, dishwashers, clothes washers and refrigerators, and fringe benefits for employees commuting by bicycle.
A requirement for private insurance plans to offer mental health benefits on par with medical-surgical benefits
Tax relief provisions for victims of this summer's Midwestern floods, and Hurricane Ike
Freezing of deductions for sale and exchange of oil and natural gas, mandatory basis reporting by brokers for transactions involving publicly traded securities and an extension of the oil spill tax
But it also extends the following tax provisions:
* Economic development credit to American Samoan businesses
* $10,000 tax credit for training of mine rescue team members
* 50% immediate expensing for extra underground mine safety equipment
* Tax credit for businesses with employees from an Indian reservation
* Accelerated depreciation for property used mostly on an Indian reservation
* 50% tax credit for some expenditures on maintaining railroad tracks
* 7-year recovery period for motorsports racetrack property
* Expensing of cleaning up "brownfield" contaminated sites
* Enhanced deductions for businesses donating computers and books to schools, and for food donations
* Deduction for income from domestic production in Puerto Rico
* Tax credit for employees in Hurricane Katrina disaster area
* Tax incentives for investments in poor neighborhoods in D.C.
* Increased rehabilitation credit for buildings in Gulf area
* Reduction of import duties on some imported wool fabrics, transfers other duties to Wool Trust Fund to promote competitiveness of American wool
* Special expensing rules for film and TV productions
And there's more:
* Increasing cover of rum excise tax revenues to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands
* Making it easier for film and TV companies to use deduction for domestic production
* Exempting children's wooden arrows from excise tax
* Income averaging for Exxon Valdez litigants for tax purposes
Senate Vote Gives Bailout Plan New Life
Senate Vote Gives Bailout Plan New Life
WSJ, 1-Oct-08
GREG HITT and SARAH LUECKArticle
Passage Gets Boost From Tax Breaks; Back to the House
The Senate handily passed a controversial financial rescue package Wednesday, giving the bill its first legislative victory but adding provisions that could complicate efforts to push the $700 billion plan through the House of Representatives.
The compromise bill represented a marriage of the rescue proposal with a host of measures designed to win the support of reluctant lawmakers. Additions include an increase in bank deposit insurance limits, a suggested change to accounting rules, and a $150.5 billion package of unrelated personal and corporate tax cuts.
The additions boosted support in the Senate, which voted 74 to 25 in favor, the latest twist in the proposal's roller-coaster ride this week. Opposition came from conservatives, populists and senators facing tight races where the rescue bill is drawing criticism.
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada said he expected the House would pass the bill, a sentiment echoed by other senators. House leaders expressed cautious optimism they could secure passage, but couldn't be definitive.
President George W. Bush has called the plan vital to secure the proper functioning of financial markets. But lawmakers and the administration have spent more than a week wrangling over the proposal amid a backlash from voters. The disagreements culminated in the unexpected rejection by the House on Monday, in defiance of congressional leaders and the White House, triggering the stock market to sink.
Stunned by the market response, lawmakers regrouped and added new items to the bill to win votes. Senate leaders took up the bill, which had stronger support in that chamber, with the aim of putting pressure on the House. Presidential rivals Republican Sen. John McCain and Democratic Sen. Barack Obama flew back to the Capitol to cast votes in favor.
The 10-year, $150.5 billion package of tax proposals includes a measure to ease the bite of the alternative minimum tax, as well as research-and-development tax credits coveted by high-tech companies and drug makers. Its addition is designed to secure the support of Republicans, who were overwhelmingly opposed in the House. But it could irk conservative House Democrats because the measure will add to the deficit.
The bill also reaffirms the Securities and Exchange Commission's authority to suspend so-called mark-to-market accounting, an issue that gained surprising traction among lawmakers looking for less costly alternatives to the Bush plan. The practice, adopted in the aftermath of the savings-and-loan collapse in the 1980s, pegs the value of assets to their current market price, rather than the price paid for them.
Banks have complained the strict application of mark-to-market rules have forced them to write down billions worth of mortgage-related securities for which there are no buyers, intensifying the squeeze in the credit markets. (See related article)
The bill, which started out less than three pages long, now comprises more than 400 pages.
A senior House Democratic aide said he was "cautiously optimistic" but put the responsibility on Republicans to come up with more votes. A spokesman for Rep. John Boehner of Ohio, the minority leader, said: "We believe we have a better chance of passing this bill than the one on Monday, but we'll have to wait and see." The House could vote Thursday or Friday.
The core of Mr. Bush's rescue plan survives in the Senate bill. The measure authorizes Treasury to borrow $700 billion to buy up tainted mortgages, securities and other financial instruments that have weakened the financial system and frozen credit markets.
While the change to deposit insurance could bring over some opponents, allowing them to argue that the bill does more to help consumers, the tax provisions could be a sticking point. The tax package had been on a separate legislative track and appeared dead because House Democrats balked at taking it up.
Fiscally conservative Democrats, who provided a solid bloc of 25 yes votes Monday, dislike the tax package because it isn't offset by spending cuts or other tax increases, adding to the deficit. The tax items could also drive away progressive Democrats concerned the bailout bill doesn't do enough to help average Americans, congressional aides said.
The move to raise deposit insurance offered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. to $250,000 from $100,000 adds billions of dollars of new liabilities to the federal government. As part of the bill, the FDIC earned expanded authority to borrow taxpayer dollars to back the higher coverage. The agency's deposit insurance fund is already at historically low levels. It now has a $30 billion line of credit with Treasury.
Through 2009, the bill would permit the FDIC to request unlimited amounts to cover losses related to the higher limits.
House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, a moderate Democrat from Maryland, said he is urging fiscally conservative Democrats, known as Blue Dogs, to focus on the "the bigger picture" and the need to stabilize the nation's shaky economy. "My gut tells me" they will still support the bill, he said.
Rep. Jim Cooper of Tennessee, a member of the Blue Dog Coalition, voted for the bill Monday and said he will again, despite the tax additions. "I think we have to ignore the Senate irresponsibility. The $700 billion issue is more important than the $30 billion issue," Mr. Cooper said.
Mr. Cooper said he hasn't spoken with colleagues about how they will vote, but expects House Democrats to pick up 10 or 15 votes. "I think a lot of people regret their vote on Monday," he said, "but they need some cover to change their vote," such as the increase in deposit insurance.
The legislation contains a number of tax breaks that have been attacked by fiscal conservatives, including an exemption from a 39-cent excise tax for children's wooden practice arrows, an extension of credits for businesses that employ residents of Indian reservations. The $18 billion in clean-energy incentives allow businesses to provide benefits to employees who commute to work by bicycle.
Even if Democrats hold the line, Republicans will have to find extra support. The House bill failed Monday on a 228-205 vote: 140 Democrats backed it, representing 60% of the Democratic caucus; Republicans brought 65 votes to bill, about a third of the party's ranks.
Party leaders in the House need 12 lawmakers to switch, assuming other votes stay the same. Mr. Hoyer is pressing Republican leaders to deliver 100 votes, half the Republican caucus.
House Minority Whip Roy Blunt (R., Mo.) and others in the Republican leadership were putting pressure on lawmakers in telephone conversations Wednesday. One focus was the Republican delegation from Texas. Despite calls from the president to his home-state lawmakers, more than a dozen Texan Republicans voted against the bill, including Rep. Joe Barton, the ranking Republican on the House Energy and Commerce Committee, and Rep. Ralph Hall, a personal friend of the president.
"After Monday, there can be no doubts, going to the floor, about where our numbers are," said one Republican leadership aide. "There can be no failure."
Republican Rep. John Shadegg of Arizona voted against the original bill, favoring instead a change to accounting rules he thinks are partly responsible for the crisis. Mr. Shadegg said he spoke with SEC Chairman Christopher Cox for more than an hour Tuesday, and said a recent SEC move to tweak the rule and the increase in deposit insurance makes the bill "significantly" better and he is "leaning" toward voting for it.
The House vote revealed deep unease among rank-and-file lawmakers. In an effort to broaden support, Senate Majority Leader Mr. Reid and his Republican counterpart Sen. Mitch McConnell of Kentucky added the provision to raise federal deposit insurance. Supporters contend the increase is needed to bolster consumer confidence in the banking system. The increased coverage would be effective through 2009, although many people expect it to be permanent.
Another provision added by the Senate would require most employers and health insurers to put mental-health on par with physical illnesses. The star-crossed legislation has been in the works for the past decade without ever reaching the president's desk.
Ahead of final passage, members of the Senate cast the 'yeas' and 'nays' from their desks, a show of ceremony that underscored the gravity of the vote, politically and economically.
"This is the kind of vote we came here to have," said Sen. McConnell, who is in a difficult fight for reelection. The shaky economy is a big issue in Kentucky, and Mr. McConnell has taken a lead role in advancing the bailout.
Republican Sen. Gordon Smith, who is also up for reelection, said businesses and local budget officials in his home state of Oregon are starting to feel the impact of the crisis. He voted for the bill. "This is one of those moments where politics has to take a back seat," he said.
Mr. Smith's challenger, Democrat Jeff Merkley, is opposed. He swiftly issued a statement Wednesday night condemning the bill. "I believe it is just wrong to spend $700 billion of taxpayer money to bailout the very Wall Street financiers who created this crisis," he said.
Some 50 trade groups -- including the International Dairy Foods Association and the National Association of Plumbing, Heating and Cooling Contractors -- signed a letter expressing disappointment with the House's rejection of the bailout package. The list of signatories includes leaders of the real-estate and banking industries, such as the National Association of Realtors, the Associated General Contractors of America and the American Banking Association.
The Democratic Governors Association and the Republican Governors Association issued a joint statement pleading with Congress to "leave partisanship at the door and pass an economic recovery package."
WSJ, 1-Oct-08
GREG HITT and SARAH LUECKArticle
Passage Gets Boost From Tax Breaks; Back to the House
The Senate handily passed a controversial financial rescue package Wednesday, giving the bill its first legislative victory but adding provisions that could complicate efforts to push the $700 billion plan through the House of Representatives.
The compromise bill represented a marriage of the rescue proposal with a host of measures designed to win the support of reluctant lawmakers. Additions include an increase in bank deposit insurance limits, a suggested change to accounting rules, and a $150.5 billion package of unrelated personal and corporate tax cuts.
The additions boosted support in the Senate, which voted 74 to 25 in favor, the latest twist in the proposal's roller-coaster ride this week. Opposition came from conservatives, populists and senators facing tight races where the rescue bill is drawing criticism.
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada said he expected the House would pass the bill, a sentiment echoed by other senators. House leaders expressed cautious optimism they could secure passage, but couldn't be definitive.
President George W. Bush has called the plan vital to secure the proper functioning of financial markets. But lawmakers and the administration have spent more than a week wrangling over the proposal amid a backlash from voters. The disagreements culminated in the unexpected rejection by the House on Monday, in defiance of congressional leaders and the White House, triggering the stock market to sink.
Stunned by the market response, lawmakers regrouped and added new items to the bill to win votes. Senate leaders took up the bill, which had stronger support in that chamber, with the aim of putting pressure on the House. Presidential rivals Republican Sen. John McCain and Democratic Sen. Barack Obama flew back to the Capitol to cast votes in favor.The 10-year, $150.5 billion package of tax proposals includes a measure to ease the bite of the alternative minimum tax, as well as research-and-development tax credits coveted by high-tech companies and drug makers. Its addition is designed to secure the support of Republicans, who were overwhelmingly opposed in the House. But it could irk conservative House Democrats because the measure will add to the deficit.
The bill also reaffirms the Securities and Exchange Commission's authority to suspend so-called mark-to-market accounting, an issue that gained surprising traction among lawmakers looking for less costly alternatives to the Bush plan. The practice, adopted in the aftermath of the savings-and-loan collapse in the 1980s, pegs the value of assets to their current market price, rather than the price paid for them.
Banks have complained the strict application of mark-to-market rules have forced them to write down billions worth of mortgage-related securities for which there are no buyers, intensifying the squeeze in the credit markets. (See related article)
The bill, which started out less than three pages long, now comprises more than 400 pages.
A senior House Democratic aide said he was "cautiously optimistic" but put the responsibility on Republicans to come up with more votes. A spokesman for Rep. John Boehner of Ohio, the minority leader, said: "We believe we have a better chance of passing this bill than the one on Monday, but we'll have to wait and see." The House could vote Thursday or Friday.
The core of Mr. Bush's rescue plan survives in the Senate bill. The measure authorizes Treasury to borrow $700 billion to buy up tainted mortgages, securities and other financial instruments that have weakened the financial system and frozen credit markets.
While the change to deposit insurance could bring over some opponents, allowing them to argue that the bill does more to help consumers, the tax provisions could be a sticking point. The tax package had been on a separate legislative track and appeared dead because House Democrats balked at taking it up.
Fiscally conservative Democrats, who provided a solid bloc of 25 yes votes Monday, dislike the tax package because it isn't offset by spending cuts or other tax increases, adding to the deficit. The tax items could also drive away progressive Democrats concerned the bailout bill doesn't do enough to help average Americans, congressional aides said.
The move to raise deposit insurance offered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. to $250,000 from $100,000 adds billions of dollars of new liabilities to the federal government. As part of the bill, the FDIC earned expanded authority to borrow taxpayer dollars to back the higher coverage. The agency's deposit insurance fund is already at historically low levels. It now has a $30 billion line of credit with Treasury.
Through 2009, the bill would permit the FDIC to request unlimited amounts to cover losses related to the higher limits.
House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, a moderate Democrat from Maryland, said he is urging fiscally conservative Democrats, known as Blue Dogs, to focus on the "the bigger picture" and the need to stabilize the nation's shaky economy. "My gut tells me" they will still support the bill, he said.
Rep. Jim Cooper of Tennessee, a member of the Blue Dog Coalition, voted for the bill Monday and said he will again, despite the tax additions. "I think we have to ignore the Senate irresponsibility. The $700 billion issue is more important than the $30 billion issue," Mr. Cooper said.
Mr. Cooper said he hasn't spoken with colleagues about how they will vote, but expects House Democrats to pick up 10 or 15 votes. "I think a lot of people regret their vote on Monday," he said, "but they need some cover to change their vote," such as the increase in deposit insurance.
The legislation contains a number of tax breaks that have been attacked by fiscal conservatives, including an exemption from a 39-cent excise tax for children's wooden practice arrows, an extension of credits for businesses that employ residents of Indian reservations. The $18 billion in clean-energy incentives allow businesses to provide benefits to employees who commute to work by bicycle.
Even if Democrats hold the line, Republicans will have to find extra support. The House bill failed Monday on a 228-205 vote: 140 Democrats backed it, representing 60% of the Democratic caucus; Republicans brought 65 votes to bill, about a third of the party's ranks.
Party leaders in the House need 12 lawmakers to switch, assuming other votes stay the same. Mr. Hoyer is pressing Republican leaders to deliver 100 votes, half the Republican caucus.
House Minority Whip Roy Blunt (R., Mo.) and others in the Republican leadership were putting pressure on lawmakers in telephone conversations Wednesday. One focus was the Republican delegation from Texas. Despite calls from the president to his home-state lawmakers, more than a dozen Texan Republicans voted against the bill, including Rep. Joe Barton, the ranking Republican on the House Energy and Commerce Committee, and Rep. Ralph Hall, a personal friend of the president.
"After Monday, there can be no doubts, going to the floor, about where our numbers are," said one Republican leadership aide. "There can be no failure."
Republican Rep. John Shadegg of Arizona voted against the original bill, favoring instead a change to accounting rules he thinks are partly responsible for the crisis. Mr. Shadegg said he spoke with SEC Chairman Christopher Cox for more than an hour Tuesday, and said a recent SEC move to tweak the rule and the increase in deposit insurance makes the bill "significantly" better and he is "leaning" toward voting for it.
The House vote revealed deep unease among rank-and-file lawmakers. In an effort to broaden support, Senate Majority Leader Mr. Reid and his Republican counterpart Sen. Mitch McConnell of Kentucky added the provision to raise federal deposit insurance. Supporters contend the increase is needed to bolster consumer confidence in the banking system. The increased coverage would be effective through 2009, although many people expect it to be permanent.
Another provision added by the Senate would require most employers and health insurers to put mental-health on par with physical illnesses. The star-crossed legislation has been in the works for the past decade without ever reaching the president's desk.
Ahead of final passage, members of the Senate cast the 'yeas' and 'nays' from their desks, a show of ceremony that underscored the gravity of the vote, politically and economically.
"This is the kind of vote we came here to have," said Sen. McConnell, who is in a difficult fight for reelection. The shaky economy is a big issue in Kentucky, and Mr. McConnell has taken a lead role in advancing the bailout.
Republican Sen. Gordon Smith, who is also up for reelection, said businesses and local budget officials in his home state of Oregon are starting to feel the impact of the crisis. He voted for the bill. "This is one of those moments where politics has to take a back seat," he said.
Mr. Smith's challenger, Democrat Jeff Merkley, is opposed. He swiftly issued a statement Wednesday night condemning the bill. "I believe it is just wrong to spend $700 billion of taxpayer money to bailout the very Wall Street financiers who created this crisis," he said.
Some 50 trade groups -- including the International Dairy Foods Association and the National Association of Plumbing, Heating and Cooling Contractors -- signed a letter expressing disappointment with the House's rejection of the bailout package. The list of signatories includes leaders of the real-estate and banking industries, such as the National Association of Realtors, the Associated General Contractors of America and the American Banking Association.
The Democratic Governors Association and the Republican Governors Association issued a joint statement pleading with Congress to "leave partisanship at the door and pass an economic recovery package."
Sunday, September 14, 2008
Exports Prop Up Local Economies
Exports Prop Up Local Economies
WSJ, 11-Sep-08
By TIMOTHY AEPPEL
Much of the world may be struggling with the economic downturn, but life has been getting better in Columbus, Ind., Kingsport, Tenn., and Waterloo, Iowa.
These out-of-the-way places have become trade hot spots as U.S. exports, fueled by the dollar's fall, continue to provide a rare spark in an otherwise gloomy economy.
While many economists expect a recent snapback in the value of the dollar and a spreading global slowdown to soften that growth, exports have become a key to greater local prosperity more than at any time in decades.(more...)
Click Here for Interactive Maps
WSJ, 11-Sep-08
By TIMOTHY AEPPEL
Much of the world may be struggling with the economic downturn, but life has been getting better in Columbus, Ind., Kingsport, Tenn., and Waterloo, Iowa.
These out-of-the-way places have become trade hot spots as U.S. exports, fueled by the dollar's fall, continue to provide a rare spark in an otherwise gloomy economy.
While many economists expect a recent snapback in the value of the dollar and a spreading global slowdown to soften that growth, exports have become a key to greater local prosperity more than at any time in decades.(more...)
Click Here for Interactive Maps
Sunday, September 07, 2008
Govt Takes Over GSEs
Treasury and Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) Action to Protect Financial Markets and Taxpayers
http://treasury.gov/news/index1.html
Key Paragraphs of the Press Release
Since this difficult period for the GSEs began, I have clearly stated three critical objectives: providing stability to financial markets, supporting the availability of mortgage finance, and protecting taxpayers – both by minimizing the near term costs to the taxpayer and by setting policymakers on a course to resolve the systemic risk created by the inherent conflict in the GSE structure.
Based on what we have learned about these institutions over the last four weeks – including what we learned about their capital requirements – and given the condition of financial markets today, I concluded that it would not have been in the best interest of the taxpayers for Treasury to simply make an equity investment in these enterprises in their current form.
The four steps we are announcing today are the result of detailed and thorough collaboration between FHFA, the U.S. Treasury, and the Federal Reserve. The four steps are as follows:
(1) Allow GSEs to grow their guarantee MBS books without limits but their mortgage portfolio modestly through the end of 2009 to $850 billion each , and then reduce at 10 percent a year, largely through natural run off to about $250 billion each.
(2) Treasury entered into a Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement with each GSE. This commitment also eliminates any mandatory triggering of receivership. These agreements provide significant protections for the taxpayer, in the form of senior preferred stock with a liquidation preference, an upfront $1 billion issuance of senior preferred stock with a 10% coupon from each GSE, quarterly dividend payments, warrants representing an ownership stake of 79.9% in each GSE going forward, and a quarterly fee starting in 2010 (Details: http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/reports/pspa_factsheet_090708%20hp1128.pdf).
Terms of the Agreements:
* The agreements are contracts between the Department of the Treasury and each GSE. They are indefinite in duration and have a capacity of $100 billion each, an amount chosen to demonstrate a strong commitment to the GSEs’ creditors and mortgage backed security holders. This number is unrelated to the Treasury’s analysis of the current financial conditions of the GSEs.
* If the Federal Housing Finance Agency determines that a GSE’s liabilities have exceeded its assets under generally accepted accounting principles, Treasury will contribute cash capital to the GSE in an amount equal to the difference between liabilities and assets.
(3) The establishment of a new secured lending credit facility which will be available to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Home Loan Banks. The facility will offer liquidity if needed until December 31, 2009. The Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 provided Treasury with the authority to establish this facility.
* Funding will be provided directly by Treasury from its general fund held at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY) in exchange for eligible collateral from the GSEs which will be limited to guaranteed mortgage backed securities issued by Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae as well as advances made by the Federal Home Loan Banks (Details: http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/reports/gsecf_factsheet_090708.pdf).
* Loans will be for short-term durations and would in general be expected to be for less than one month but no shorter than one week. Loans will not be made with a maturity date beyond December 31, 2009
* The rate on a loan request ordinarily will be based on the daily LIBOR fix for a similar term of the loan plus 50 basis points (LIBOR +50 bp).
(4) Treasury is initiating a temporary program to purchase GSE MBS. Treasury financing of purchases of GSE MBS will be deemed as outlays and are subject to the statutory debt limit. Treasury will make available information on purchases through this program in the Monthly Treasury Statement (http://fms.treas.gov/mts/index.html) (Details: http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/reports/mbs_factsheet_090708hp1128.pdf)
About Conservatorship
* At present, there is no exact time frame that can be given as to when this conservatorship may end.
* The Company will continue to run as usual during the conservatorship
* During the conservatorship, the Company’s stock will continue to trade. However, by statute, the powers of the stockholders are suspended until the conservatorship is terminated (voting rights of all stockholders are vested in the Conservator). Stockholders will continue to retain all rights in the stock’s financial worth; as such worth is determined by the market.
* Under a conservatorship, the Company is not liquidated. The Director of FHFA does have the discretion to place any regulated entity, including the Company, into receivership. Receivership is a statutory process for the liquidation of a regulated entity. There are no plans to liquidate the Company. Once, the company is in Receivership, it can only be dissolved by an Act of Congress.
(Details: http://www.treas.gov//press/releases/reports/fhfa_consrv_faq_090708hp1128.pdf)
There are several key components of conservatorship:
(1) Monday morning the businesses will open as normal, only with stronger backing for the holders of MBS, senior debt and subordinated debt.
(2) The Enterprises will be allowed to grow their guarantee MBS books without limits and continue to purchase replacement securities for their portfolios, about $20 billion per month without capital constraints.
(3) As the conservator, FHFA (Federal Housing Finance Agency) will assume the power of the Board and management.
(4) The present CEOs will be leaving, but we have asked them to stay on to help with the transition.
(5) Herb Allison will be the new CEO of Fannie Mae and David Moffett the CEO of Freddie Mac. They will be joined by equally strong non-executive chairmen.
(6) At this time any other management action will be very limited.
(7) In order to conserve over $2 billion in capital every year, the common stock and preferred stock dividends will be eliminated, but the common and all preferred stocks will continue to remain outstanding. Subordinated debt interest and principal payments will continue to be made.
(8) All political activities -- including all lobbying -- will be halted immediately.
(9) Lastly and very importantly, there will be the financing and investing relationship with the U.S. Treasury, which Secretary Paulson will be discussing.
LINKS
* Paulson Remarks on Housing GSE Actions
* FHFA Director Lockhart Remarks on Housing GSE Actions (pdf)
* Fact Sheet: FHFA Conservatorship (pdf)
* Fact Sheet: Treasury Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement (pdf)
* Fact Sheet: Treasury MBS Purchase Program (pdf)
* Fact Sheet: Treasury GSE Credit Facility (pdf)
http://treasury.gov/news/index1.html
Key Paragraphs of the Press Release
Since this difficult period for the GSEs began, I have clearly stated three critical objectives: providing stability to financial markets, supporting the availability of mortgage finance, and protecting taxpayers – both by minimizing the near term costs to the taxpayer and by setting policymakers on a course to resolve the systemic risk created by the inherent conflict in the GSE structure.
Based on what we have learned about these institutions over the last four weeks – including what we learned about their capital requirements – and given the condition of financial markets today, I concluded that it would not have been in the best interest of the taxpayers for Treasury to simply make an equity investment in these enterprises in their current form.
The four steps we are announcing today are the result of detailed and thorough collaboration between FHFA, the U.S. Treasury, and the Federal Reserve. The four steps are as follows:
(1) Allow GSEs to grow their guarantee MBS books without limits but their mortgage portfolio modestly through the end of 2009 to $850 billion each , and then reduce at 10 percent a year, largely through natural run off to about $250 billion each.
(2) Treasury entered into a Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement with each GSE. This commitment also eliminates any mandatory triggering of receivership. These agreements provide significant protections for the taxpayer, in the form of senior preferred stock with a liquidation preference, an upfront $1 billion issuance of senior preferred stock with a 10% coupon from each GSE, quarterly dividend payments, warrants representing an ownership stake of 79.9% in each GSE going forward, and a quarterly fee starting in 2010 (Details: http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/reports/pspa_factsheet_090708%20hp1128.pdf).
Terms of the Agreements:
* The agreements are contracts between the Department of the Treasury and each GSE. They are indefinite in duration and have a capacity of $100 billion each, an amount chosen to demonstrate a strong commitment to the GSEs’ creditors and mortgage backed security holders. This number is unrelated to the Treasury’s analysis of the current financial conditions of the GSEs.
* If the Federal Housing Finance Agency determines that a GSE’s liabilities have exceeded its assets under generally accepted accounting principles, Treasury will contribute cash capital to the GSE in an amount equal to the difference between liabilities and assets.
(3) The establishment of a new secured lending credit facility which will be available to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Home Loan Banks. The facility will offer liquidity if needed until December 31, 2009. The Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 provided Treasury with the authority to establish this facility.
* Funding will be provided directly by Treasury from its general fund held at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY) in exchange for eligible collateral from the GSEs which will be limited to guaranteed mortgage backed securities issued by Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae as well as advances made by the Federal Home Loan Banks (Details: http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/reports/gsecf_factsheet_090708.pdf).
* Loans will be for short-term durations and would in general be expected to be for less than one month but no shorter than one week. Loans will not be made with a maturity date beyond December 31, 2009
* The rate on a loan request ordinarily will be based on the daily LIBOR fix for a similar term of the loan plus 50 basis points (LIBOR +50 bp).
(4) Treasury is initiating a temporary program to purchase GSE MBS. Treasury financing of purchases of GSE MBS will be deemed as outlays and are subject to the statutory debt limit. Treasury will make available information on purchases through this program in the Monthly Treasury Statement (http://fms.treas.gov/mts/index.html) (Details: http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/reports/mbs_factsheet_090708hp1128.pdf)
About Conservatorship
* At present, there is no exact time frame that can be given as to when this conservatorship may end.
* The Company will continue to run as usual during the conservatorship
* During the conservatorship, the Company’s stock will continue to trade. However, by statute, the powers of the stockholders are suspended until the conservatorship is terminated (voting rights of all stockholders are vested in the Conservator). Stockholders will continue to retain all rights in the stock’s financial worth; as such worth is determined by the market.
* Under a conservatorship, the Company is not liquidated. The Director of FHFA does have the discretion to place any regulated entity, including the Company, into receivership. Receivership is a statutory process for the liquidation of a regulated entity. There are no plans to liquidate the Company. Once, the company is in Receivership, it can only be dissolved by an Act of Congress.
(Details: http://www.treas.gov//press/releases/reports/fhfa_consrv_faq_090708hp1128.pdf)
There are several key components of conservatorship:
(1) Monday morning the businesses will open as normal, only with stronger backing for the holders of MBS, senior debt and subordinated debt.
(2) The Enterprises will be allowed to grow their guarantee MBS books without limits and continue to purchase replacement securities for their portfolios, about $20 billion per month without capital constraints.
(3) As the conservator, FHFA (Federal Housing Finance Agency) will assume the power of the Board and management.
(4) The present CEOs will be leaving, but we have asked them to stay on to help with the transition.
(5) Herb Allison will be the new CEO of Fannie Mae and David Moffett the CEO of Freddie Mac. They will be joined by equally strong non-executive chairmen.
(6) At this time any other management action will be very limited.
(7) In order to conserve over $2 billion in capital every year, the common stock and preferred stock dividends will be eliminated, but the common and all preferred stocks will continue to remain outstanding. Subordinated debt interest and principal payments will continue to be made.
(8) All political activities -- including all lobbying -- will be halted immediately.
(9) Lastly and very importantly, there will be the financing and investing relationship with the U.S. Treasury, which Secretary Paulson will be discussing.
LINKS
* Paulson Remarks on Housing GSE Actions
* FHFA Director Lockhart Remarks on Housing GSE Actions (pdf)
* Fact Sheet: FHFA Conservatorship (pdf)
* Fact Sheet: Treasury Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement (pdf)
* Fact Sheet: Treasury MBS Purchase Program (pdf)
* Fact Sheet: Treasury GSE Credit Facility (pdf)
Wednesday, July 16, 2008
The Peso Problem
The story below is referenced whenever the phrase "Peso Problem" pops up. I have to admit that I was unware of it, or rather, I was unware of that particular phrase. I soon realized that Peso Problem is just a cute phrase for what statisticians call a "tail risk". If you google Peso Problem you get all kinds of financial variables from interest rate curves to equity risk premium linked to Peso Problem.
Krugman aruges on his blogthat Friedman should not be credited for coining the phrase "Peso Problem" but rather him or his MIT classmate Bill Krasker. Go figure.
Equity prices and the ``peso problem''
The Hindu, 1-Oct-2000
B. Venkatesh
INFOSYS Technologies currently trades at a price-earnings multiple of over 100 whereas BHEL trades at just five times its earnings.
What drives investors to pay over 100 times the current earnings to buy one share of Infosys? Or, why are they reluctant to pay more than five times the earnings to buy one share of BHEL?
Research papers on asset values contain answers to this question. One such research paper by Mr Keith Sill, an economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, states that a financial asset is valued after factoring the possibility of some unprecedented event in the future.
For argument's sake, BHEL may be trading at only five times its earnings because the market fears the company will be eventually forced out of business by ABB.
Such an event may or may not occur. But at this point in time, it may be just that the market is factoring the improbable event into the stock price.
Economists call such a condition the ``peso problem''; for, such a condition was observed by the Nobel laureate, Milton Friedman, in the Mexican peso market in the early 1970s.
At that time, the exchange rate between the Mexican peso and the US dollar was fixed. The interest rate in Mexico was, however, far higher in the US.
Such a situation presented investors opportunity for easy profits. How? An investor could borrow at a lower rate in the US, convert the money into peso and invest in Mexican bonds. On redemption of the bond, the investor could reconvert the peso at the same exchange rate, pay the loan and pocket the gains.
Milton Friedman stated that the interest differential between the two countries may have been due to the market expecting the peso to be devalued against the US dollar. And sure enough, in 1976, the market expectation actually came true as the peso was allowed to ``float'' against the dollar.
Hence, the next time you find an otherwise good stock trading at low levels, think for a moment whether it is because of some ``peso problem''!
Krugman aruges on his blogthat Friedman should not be credited for coining the phrase "Peso Problem" but rather him or his MIT classmate Bill Krasker. Go figure.
Equity prices and the ``peso problem''
The Hindu, 1-Oct-2000
B. Venkatesh
INFOSYS Technologies currently trades at a price-earnings multiple of over 100 whereas BHEL trades at just five times its earnings.
What drives investors to pay over 100 times the current earnings to buy one share of Infosys? Or, why are they reluctant to pay more than five times the earnings to buy one share of BHEL?
Research papers on asset values contain answers to this question. One such research paper by Mr Keith Sill, an economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, states that a financial asset is valued after factoring the possibility of some unprecedented event in the future.
For argument's sake, BHEL may be trading at only five times its earnings because the market fears the company will be eventually forced out of business by ABB.
Such an event may or may not occur. But at this point in time, it may be just that the market is factoring the improbable event into the stock price.
Economists call such a condition the ``peso problem''; for, such a condition was observed by the Nobel laureate, Milton Friedman, in the Mexican peso market in the early 1970s.
At that time, the exchange rate between the Mexican peso and the US dollar was fixed. The interest rate in Mexico was, however, far higher in the US.
Such a situation presented investors opportunity for easy profits. How? An investor could borrow at a lower rate in the US, convert the money into peso and invest in Mexican bonds. On redemption of the bond, the investor could reconvert the peso at the same exchange rate, pay the loan and pocket the gains.
Milton Friedman stated that the interest differential between the two countries may have been due to the market expecting the peso to be devalued against the US dollar. And sure enough, in 1976, the market expectation actually came true as the peso was allowed to ``float'' against the dollar.
Hence, the next time you find an otherwise good stock trading at low levels, think for a moment whether it is because of some ``peso problem''!
Saturday, July 12, 2008
Gas Prices versus Income
One of the interesting debates in the macro-land is how rising gas prices in the US is going to affect employment growth. Given increasingly difficult job market, a potential employee might have to take a job that requires long commute, but the question then becomes, will he or she take it if she spends disproportionate amount of income on gasoline. Well, that depends on how much of income is spent on gasoline. According to the New York Times cartographers, it depends on where one is based. In the densely populated east and west coasts, spending on gas, even at the current high prices is minimal - less than 5%. So it is unlikely that gas prices will affect people's willingness to take jobs or in econo-speak, the labor force participation rate should not affected by high gas prices.
The Varying Impact of Gas Prices
New York Times
Gas prices are high throughout the country, but how hard they hit individual families depends on income levels, which vary widely.
The Varying Impact of Gas Prices
New York Times
Gas prices are high throughout the country, but how hard they hit individual families depends on income levels, which vary widely.
Tuesday, July 01, 2008
Bear (Stearns) Story
The collapse of Bears Sterns on the weekend of March 14th 2008 was unprecedented in the history of Wall Street. As an observer myself, the zig-zagging of BSC's stock price around that time was quite unnerving. I have always wondered about the details of the collapse. The Wall Street Journal had a 3-piece report on it couple of weeks ago but I don't think it did a good job at identifying the critical events. The Vanity Fair article does that, and it boils down to 2 words "novation" and "repos".
Bringing Down Bear Stearns
Vanity Fair, August 2008
Bryan Burrough
On Monday, March 10, the rumor started: Bear Stearns was having liquidity problems. In fact, the maverick investment bank had around $18 billion in cash reserves. But soon the speculation created its own reality, and the race was on to keep Bear’s crisis from ravaging Wall Street. With the blow-by-blow from insiders, Bryan Burrough follows the players—Bear’s stunned executives, trigger-happy reporters at CNBC, a nervous Fed, a shadowy group of short-sellers—in what some believe was the greatest financial scandal in history.(>>>...)
Bringing Down Bear Stearns
Vanity Fair, August 2008
Bryan Burrough
On Monday, March 10, the rumor started: Bear Stearns was having liquidity problems. In fact, the maverick investment bank had around $18 billion in cash reserves. But soon the speculation created its own reality, and the race was on to keep Bear’s crisis from ravaging Wall Street. With the blow-by-blow from insiders, Bryan Burrough follows the players—Bear’s stunned executives, trigger-happy reporters at CNBC, a nervous Fed, a shadowy group of short-sellers—in what some believe was the greatest financial scandal in history.(>>>...)
Sunday, June 29, 2008
Backwardation without Speculation
The unprecedented rise in oil price has given birth to many theories about the cause. Everything from the imbalance of demand & supply to the weakness dollar to the onset of credit crisis and the collar-strategy implemented by oil producers is blamed on the rapidity of the rise in oil price. Another is of course the speculation in the oil market given that there is no "contango" in the oil future market. Mr. Krugman points why there may not be "contango" without speculation on the oil market.
Speculation and Signatures
Paul Krugman
June 24, 2008
One of the problems in the debate over the role of speculation in oil prices is that hardly anyone, even among the economists, is writing down models. As a result, it’s not always clear what people are saying; and I’d argue that some of my colleagues aren’t clear on the implications of their own analysis.
So here’s some quick and dirty modeling that I think captures the essence of the debate.
A point of agreement between Guillermo Calvo and myself is that there’s a downward-sloping relationship between the current price of oil and the expected change in prices. Suppose, for example, that investors believe that the price one year from now will be PF, and they cling to that belief whatever the spot price P is. Then the expected rate of change of the oil price is (PF – P)/P. You don’t have to believe in this specific relationship; all I need is that there is a downward-sloping relationship between the spot price and the expected rate of change in the spot price.
Figure 1 shows that relationship. It also shows the cost of holding oil in storage, which consists both of the rent on the tank, or whatever, and the interest foregone by tying up wealth in physical commodities. (Yes, the independent variable is on the Y-axis. There’s a reason for that.)
Figure 1
Now, what Calvo and others suggest is that speculative expectations are currently determining the spot price – that the spot price is determined by the intersection of the two blue curves in Figure 1.
This certainly could happen – but only under certain circumstances. To see what those circumstances are, look at Figure 2, a back-to-back diagram that adds the flow supply and demand for oil – that is, the oil pumped by producers and burned by consumers.
In Figure 2, the horizontal dashed line indicates the spot price. We have a short-term equilibrium in which the quantity of oil produced exceeds the quantity consumed, but speculators are willing to buy up the excess supply and store it, believing that the spot price will rise enough to make that a good investment. In this case expected future prices – and, speaking loosely, the futures market – are determining the spot price.
This isn’t unheard of. In fact, the market for wholesale gasoline normally looks like this in the late fall, winter, and early spring, as refiners accumulate stocks for the summer driving season.
Figure 2
But notice that this kind of speculatively driven spot price has two “signatures” – things one should see in the markets that go along with that kind of equilibrium. First, the point I’ve emphasized a lot: because of the excess flow supply, somebody must be accumulating inventory.
But the second signature is probably just as important: for this kind of situation to occur, the future and spot markets have to be in “contango”: futures price above spot, sufficiently so to make storage worthwhile.
What if that’s not true? Then the market looks like Figure 3:
Figure 3
Here the spot price, again indicated by the dotted line, is determined by flow supply and demand. Inventories aren’t growing, and the futures market is characterized either by “backwardation” – futures price below spot – or by a contango too weak to make storage profitable.
And here’s the thing: the actual data we have on crude oil don’t show the signatures of a market driven by speculative demand. Inventory data don’t show a big accumulation; and the market has mostly been in backwardation, not contango. It made news when, late last month, a slight contango developed – because until then there had been backwardation.
Maybe I’m misinterpreting what the advocates of a speculative story are thinking. But in that case, what are they thinking? I’m curious.
Speculation and Signatures
Paul Krugman
June 24, 2008
One of the problems in the debate over the role of speculation in oil prices is that hardly anyone, even among the economists, is writing down models. As a result, it’s not always clear what people are saying; and I’d argue that some of my colleagues aren’t clear on the implications of their own analysis.
So here’s some quick and dirty modeling that I think captures the essence of the debate.
A point of agreement between Guillermo Calvo and myself is that there’s a downward-sloping relationship between the current price of oil and the expected change in prices. Suppose, for example, that investors believe that the price one year from now will be PF, and they cling to that belief whatever the spot price P is. Then the expected rate of change of the oil price is (PF – P)/P. You don’t have to believe in this specific relationship; all I need is that there is a downward-sloping relationship between the spot price and the expected rate of change in the spot price.
Figure 1 shows that relationship. It also shows the cost of holding oil in storage, which consists both of the rent on the tank, or whatever, and the interest foregone by tying up wealth in physical commodities. (Yes, the independent variable is on the Y-axis. There’s a reason for that.)
Figure 1
Now, what Calvo and others suggest is that speculative expectations are currently determining the spot price – that the spot price is determined by the intersection of the two blue curves in Figure 1.This certainly could happen – but only under certain circumstances. To see what those circumstances are, look at Figure 2, a back-to-back diagram that adds the flow supply and demand for oil – that is, the oil pumped by producers and burned by consumers.
In Figure 2, the horizontal dashed line indicates the spot price. We have a short-term equilibrium in which the quantity of oil produced exceeds the quantity consumed, but speculators are willing to buy up the excess supply and store it, believing that the spot price will rise enough to make that a good investment. In this case expected future prices – and, speaking loosely, the futures market – are determining the spot price.
This isn’t unheard of. In fact, the market for wholesale gasoline normally looks like this in the late fall, winter, and early spring, as refiners accumulate stocks for the summer driving season.
Figure 2
But notice that this kind of speculatively driven spot price has two “signatures” – things one should see in the markets that go along with that kind of equilibrium. First, the point I’ve emphasized a lot: because of the excess flow supply, somebody must be accumulating inventory.But the second signature is probably just as important: for this kind of situation to occur, the future and spot markets have to be in “contango”: futures price above spot, sufficiently so to make storage worthwhile.
What if that’s not true? Then the market looks like Figure 3:
Figure 3
Here the spot price, again indicated by the dotted line, is determined by flow supply and demand. Inventories aren’t growing, and the futures market is characterized either by “backwardation” – futures price below spot – or by a contango too weak to make storage profitable.And here’s the thing: the actual data we have on crude oil don’t show the signatures of a market driven by speculative demand. Inventory data don’t show a big accumulation; and the market has mostly been in backwardation, not contango. It made news when, late last month, a slight contango developed – because until then there had been backwardation.
Maybe I’m misinterpreting what the advocates of a speculative story are thinking. But in that case, what are they thinking? I’m curious.
David Einhorn - The Hedge Fund Man of the moment
Interesting article on the Hedge Man of the moment, David Einhorn. It is truly encouraging that he is willing to go public with his negative investment thesis on Lehman. As New Yorker magazine points out, he is truly "The Confident Man".
The Confidence Man
New York Magazine, Jun 15, 2008
By Hugo Lindgren
Hedge-fund manager David Einhorn believes his public attack on Lehman Brothers wasn’t just about making money. So what was it about?
Six years ago, hedge-fund manager David Einhorn made a speech at an annual investment conference about a stock he didn’t like—a mid-cap financial company called Allied Capital—and the world came crashing down on top of him. He was investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission for conspiring with other investors to sink the stock. Allied stole his personal phone records in an attempt to prove the conspiracy. An article in The Wall Street Journal compared his treatment of Allied to “a mugging.” New York’s then–Attorney General, Eliot Spitzer, vowed to do his own investigation. And Einhorn’s wife, an editor at the financial weekly Barron’s, mysteriously lost her job. (...>>>)
The Confidence Man
New York Magazine, Jun 15, 2008
By Hugo Lindgren
Hedge-fund manager David Einhorn believes his public attack on Lehman Brothers wasn’t just about making money. So what was it about?
Six years ago, hedge-fund manager David Einhorn made a speech at an annual investment conference about a stock he didn’t like—a mid-cap financial company called Allied Capital—and the world came crashing down on top of him. He was investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission for conspiring with other investors to sink the stock. Allied stole his personal phone records in an attempt to prove the conspiracy. An article in The Wall Street Journal compared his treatment of Allied to “a mugging.” New York’s then–Attorney General, Eliot Spitzer, vowed to do his own investigation. And Einhorn’s wife, an editor at the financial weekly Barron’s, mysteriously lost her job. (...>>>)
Friday, May 02, 2008
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